Icon Sullivan mine

Mycenae = turtle in Cree

Cree language of North America = very ancient Greek from age of Homer or before

The hill of Mycenae has the shape of a turtle's shell

Drakospita Evias

Rock houses built on top of mountains before classical Greece time
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Kylindroi Karystou: 12 m long columns lying on the ground
compare with
                       El Cascal de Flor de Pino, Nicaragua: centre of monolith production since 1,500 BC


------------------------------------
16 ancient Greek pyramids

Caral, Peru: oldest city in the Americas with pyramids, 2,600 BC

Herophilos: father of Anatomy

335 - 280 BC: most important doctor after Hippocrates.
First to dissect a human body, the first anatomist.
Although he worked in Alexandria most of his life, he probably established the

                                         Herophilian Medical School
                                                Karura near Hierapolis (Pamukhale)

200 BC: Greek - Chinese exchange

Chinese gave the Greeks nickel to use in their minting of coins

                   ---->   First use of nickel in coins by the Indo Greeks in Bactria (Agathocles & Pantaleon)

The Greeks gave the Chinese the art of building city walls for protection

                  -----> The building of Walls of China started that time and continued for a long time


See numerous examples under "Ancient Greeks in Central Asia"

crop circle on an apple!

Mikrasia in posters: its Greek heritage

Genesis

GENESIS VERSUS SCIENCE : AN AMAZING AGREEMENT

Aegina, Greece and Brandon University, Canada

ABSTRACT

                      If the word “water” as it appears in verses 2,6,and 7 of Genesis is interpreted as 

“hydrogen” (nuclei or atoms) and the generally accepted recent interpretation of verses 1 to 4 is followed,

an astonishing coincidence between Cosmology and Genesis is observed. If the meaning of the word

“light” is taken to be that of a “photon”, then verse 3, “let there be light “ is the precise moment of the Big

Bang. Verse 2, “… the spirit of God swept over the waters” refers to the early stages of the universe in

which hydrogen nuclei were produced. The action of “the spirit of God” on water can be considered the

prevalence of protons over antiprotons. Verse 4, “And God divided the light from darkness” is the “last

scattering” that took place 500,000 years after the Big Bang. Verse 7, “ And God made the firmament and

divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament”

describes the formation of a star and thus of a planet according to Astronomy, leading ultimately to the

creation of the Earth. Verses 9 to 25 are in agreement with modern Earth Science theories, including verse

11 where the paradox of the appearance of the sun follows the appearance of vegetation on earth.

PREVIOUS OPINIONS

The question of whether the Big Bang theory supports Genesis has not yet been fully answered. The

argument between theologians and physicists continues and concerns mainly a disagreement in the order of events.

The astronomer J.Heidmann ² generally sees an agreement between Genesis and Cosmology concerning the

“first moment” that the universe was created, but notes, paradoxically, that light in Genesis appears to

postdate the creation of the earth.

The astronomer R.Jastrow ³ generally supports similar views, and agrees with the “first moment”, but he

disagrees with the rest.

The physicist P.Davies ⁴ believes that the creation theory is quite different from that which appears in the

Bible, apart from an apparent agreement concerning the “first moment”.

In the Annual Oxford International Symposium on Science and Theology in the 20^th century, E.McMullin ⁵

denies there is an agreement on the “first moment” based on current thoughts of that time (1979) and

argues that the majority of theologians in the west believe that the Bible is not a scientific text as contained

in the principle of Galileo. In contrast, according to the Principle of Augustine, Genesis is a scientific text,

but in places, the events are stated allegorically, or indirectly.

Finally, the physicist G.Gounaris ⁶ argues that verse 2 of Genesis “The earth was invisible and unformed”

refers to the formation of the first matter, photons, electrons, few light nuclei and neutrinos. “Darkness

covered the abyss” refers to the 500,000 years after the Big Bang during which the universe was opaque

and dark, while the verse “let there be light” refers to the last scattering.

OUR INTERPRETATION – GENERAL STATEMENT

An amazing coincidence between Genesis and Cosmology may be demonstrated provided the word

“water” as it appears in verses 2,6, and 7 is interpreted as “hydrogen”, the latter being one of the two

components of water. The fact that a word can be interpreted differently is not new in Genesis. The word

“day” in verse 5 is interpreted as light, then as stage, and in verse 14 as the usual period of time (24 hours).

A recent interpretation of Genesis ⁷ is not generally accepted by scientists yet. We believe that the main

reason of the disagreement is found in the order of events, in that the first two verses are introductory and

may be considered separate from the rest. Verse 1 represents a summary of the events described in verses 3 

to 31 in detail, while verse 2 describes the early universe and the 500,000 years after the explosion, before

the appearance of stars, planets, and galaxies.

DETAILED   INTERPRETATION

Verses 1 and 2

                       According  to the Septuagint Translation of the Bible, the first 2 verses are :

1.     “ in the beginning God created  the heaven and earth”

2.     “And the earth was invisible and unformed, and darkness covered the abyss, and a spirit of God swept

over the waters”

Heaven represents Space in science ⁶. The “unformed” earth is the early matter in its primitive form ⁶,

mainly protons, also electrons and neutrons. These were formed during the half a million years after the Big

Bang.

During these early stages of the universe, photons were trapped within the ionized matter, hindering their

freedom to travel. Therefore, matter was opaque with the result that the universe appeared dark, explaining

the phrase “darkness covered the abyss”.

The term “waters” refers to the “unformed” state, consisting of its basic substance, which is hydrogen

nuclei, or protons, the main constituent of the universe. The “abyss” is the darkness of a sea of these

protons.

As for the enigmatic phrase “a spirit of God swept over the waters”, we can follow Basil the Great’s

interpretation, the belief that the action of the “spirit of God” on this early “unformed” matter was an

animation of the water. Could this be the solution to the great mystery in Cosmology, the question of the

existence of this World, the unexpected prevalence of matter over antimatter (protons over antiprotons,

electrons over positrons) ?

Therefore, these two introductory verses inform the reader that the universe had a beginning and was

created by God from nothing (ex nihilo), but the Earth, being the obvious center of interest, was not created

from the beginning, matter “unformed”, but at a later stage. The above was first proposed by Basil the

Great in his treatise of “Hexameron”.

We disagree with the old interpretation that these two verses are part of the first day of creation. The early

matter implied in verse 2 was created on the first day together with the first light. Moreover, this is not

mentioned in verse 3, but  is assumed.

Verse 3

“And God said. Let there be light. And there was light”

This verse marks the beginning of the first day, or first stage, and coincides with the precise moment of the

Big Bang, the emission of thermal energy in the form of photons following the immense temperatures and

explosive expansion. “Light” is interpreted as photons, as in ref. 2,3, and 6.

Verse 4 and 5

“And God divided the light from darkness”

“And God called the light day, and the darkness He called night. And there was evening and there was  morning, one day”

 We interpret the above as the “last scattering” that took place some 500,000 years after the explosion. At

that time the cosmic material becomes transparent to light and electrons unite with protons, or ionized

matter. Photons are now free to move. With their movement, photons emit light along their path of travel,

but darkness reigns elsewhere. Formed stellar objects will later block their path and darkness appears.

We disagree with Prof. Gounaris that verse 3 corresponds to the last scattering. This explanation would

have been correct only if verse 2 was considered as the beginning of the detailed description, and not as an

introductory one.

 

 

Verses 6   to 8

“let  there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters”

“And God made the firmament and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters 

which were above the firmament”

“And there was evening and there was morning,  a second day”

These events took place during the second stage, and describe the formation of the stars and planets, which

were possible only after the last scattering. The “waters under the firmament” correspond with the cosmic

material, mostly hydrogen, which randomly condenses and separates from the rest, the “waters above the

firmament” also mostly hydrogen.

The “waters under the firmament” will eventually form the Earth by collapsing due to gravity, whereas the

“waters above the firmament” fill Space, or Heaven. [See Psalm 23.2 “On seas You found it” ]

Therefore, verses 6 to 8 describe the creation of the Earth in detail. This also possibly includes the

formation of the entire Solar System or even all other stars and galaxies.

Our belief is that this description does not apply to the formation of the Earth’s atmosphere, clouds, and

oceans, as it appears to be.

Verses 9  & 10

“…let  the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear”

“And God called the dry land Earth, and the gathering together of the waters He called the Seas…”

This verse introduces the third stage and describes the Earth during a later stage in its evolution, in which

hydrogen has already united with oxygen to form water. Therefore, “water” here actually means liquid

water as we know it.

This interpretation is in agreement with modern theories in Earth Sciences.

Verses 11 to 19

11.”…let  the earth bring forth vegetation: every kind of plant that bears seed and every kind of fruit tree

that bears fruit with its seed in it…”

16. “…And God made the two great lights: the greater to rule the day, and the lesser to rule the night, and

the stars”.

The major disagreement between Genesis and Cosmology in these verses, that is, the paradox of the

appearance of the sun later than the earth, can be explained in the generally accepted notion of thick

atmospheric clouds blocking out the sunlight. The word “Asah”, or to create, is used in the original Hebrew

Scriptures instead of “Bara”, or to create from zero, showing that the sun already existed. Therefore, verse

16 refers to the stage when the sky clears from the thick clouds and the sun appears. The actual time of the

creation from zero of the sun is not mentioned in the Scriptures because of its secondary importance, and

perhaps is implied in verses 6 and 7.

The other paradox, in verse 11, describes the appearance of vegetation earlier than sunlight and can be

explained by the first known life form that existed on earth prior to the appearance of sunlight. This form

of life is thought ⁹ to be bacteria on the ocean floor metabolizing sulphur gases as early as 3.8 billion years

ago. These bacteria were the basis of the plant world. The exact time that the sunlight offers its precious

energy on earth to give rise to the first plants created by photosynthesis, however, is of great importance.

This time is currently ⁹ taken to be around 3 billion years ago. The first plants on earth to develop by

photosynthesis were the blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria, that lived in the ocean.

Since the earth is the main interest of the author of Genesis, the formation of other stars is of secondary

interest. This is the reason that the stars are mentioned after the sun.

Finally, verses 20 to 31 are in agreement with modern Science as in the Table that follows.

The creation of man will be examined in detail in a future article.

             Genesis versus  Science : Summary of events

“day” or   verse      Events in   Events in       Radiometric
  stage        in           Genesis    Science               dates

               Bible                                                      (in 
                                                                      billion/million

                                                                          years ago)

-------     -------       -----------     -----------        ---------------        
                 1                   Summary 

                 2       Unformed

                           matter
                     (water=protons)

 First         3           Light         Big Bang        13.7  b.y.

                                            First photons, protons

               4,5     light divided 
                      from darkness  Atoms form    ½ m.y. after Big
                                                                                      Bang

                                             Last scattering
 Second  6–8  firmament 
                separating waters  Formation of stars/earth  4.6 b.y.

                                              Creation of the earth

 Third      9,10  seas, land  form  Ocean, land      4.0   b..y.

             11–13 green plants,
                         trees, seeds  First plants on ocean floor  3.8   b.y.

  Fourth 14–19  sun, moon, 
                          stars           The sun is visible

                                             First photosynthesis         3.0  b.y.

  Fifth    20–23 living things
                          in water,       First fish,insects           ~ 400 m.y.

                        Flying creatures, etc

  Sixth    24, 25  all kinds of 
                       living creatures First land animals        ~ 300 m.y.

                           reptiles

               26–31  Humans        First humans                  ~ 5 m.y.

REFERENCES

1.     Pope Pius XII, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 8, 143-146, 165 (1952)

2.     Heidmann,J.  Au Dela De Notre Voie-Lactee, Un Etrance Univers, Hachette, pp.145-6, (1979)

3.     Jastrow,R .God  And The Astronomers, Warner Books, New York, (1980) pp.1-16. God’s Creation, Science Digest Special, Spring  1980, pp. 68-71

4.     Davies,P. God And  the New Physics, J.M.Dent and Sons Ltd., London,  (1983) pp.17-8,20

5.     McMullin,E. How Should Cosmology Relate to Theology ?, The Science and Theology in the Twentieth Century, Oriel, (1981), pp.17-57

6.     Gounaris,G. “I Drasis Mas” (Journal in Greek), 314, (1994) pp.23

7.     Metzger,B.M. and Murphy,R.E., The New Oxford Annotated Bible, Oxford University Press, (1991), Genesis

8.     The New American Bible, Benziger Inc., New York, Beverly Hills, (1970), pp.4,5

9.     Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, Brandon University

Trapezes ethnikis

SERRES : 1st to be built

KOZANI

FLORINA

DRAMA

PREVEZA

CHIOS

THESSALONIKI: 2nd to be built, a real colossus

City Hall

Smyrne, before 1922